Ecohydrology Urban Site

Back to List
Europe and North America Updated: 19/01/2026
Ecohydrology Urban Site

Project Overview

Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested riparian zone in catchment 2 to be a factor contributing to the lower pesticide concentrations. The protective function of the riparian buffer zones has been evidenced in the literature for mitigating the pesticide runoff risk (Aguiar et al., 2015; Prosser et al., 2020). For all target nutrients, except nitrites, we observed lower concentrations in catchment 2 compared to catchment 1, although these differences were not statistically significant. Poland is the largest producer of apples in the EU, accounting for approximately one-third of the Union’s total apple production (Muder et al., 2022). Therefore, understanding the potential mitigation measures of pesticide pollution in these catchments is of critical importance. Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested r

Conserve Process YES
Enhance Process YES
Apply Complementary YES

Ecosystem Services

Provisioning

  • Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested riparian zone in catchment 2 to be a factor contributing to the lower pesticide concentrations. The protective function of the riparian buffer zones has been evidenced in the literature for mitigating the pesticide runoff risk (Aguiar et al., 2015; Prosser et al., 2020). For all target nutrients, except nitrites, we observed lower concentrations in catchment 2 compared to catchment 1, although these differences were not statistically significant. Poland is the largest producer of apples in the EU, accounting for approximately one-third of the Union’s total apple production (Muder et al., 2022). Therefore, understanding the potential mitigation measures of pesticide pollution in these catchments is of critical importance.
  • Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.

Regulating

  • Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested riparian zone in catchment 2 to be a factor contributing to the lower pesticide concentrations. The protective function of the riparian buffer zones has been evidenced in the literature for mitigating the pesticide runoff risk (Aguiar et al., 2015; Prosser et al., 2020). For all target nutrients, except nitrites, we observed lower concentrations in catchment 2 compared to catchment 1, although these differences were not statistically significant. Poland is the largest producer of apples in the EU, accounting for approximately one-third of the Union’s total apple production (Muder et al., 2022). Therefore, understanding the potential mitigation measures of pesticide pollution in these catchments is of critical importance.
  • Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.

Habitat / Supporting

  • Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested riparian zone in catchment 2 to be a factor contributing to the lower pesticide concentrations. The protective function of the riparian buffer zones has been evidenced in the literature for mitigating the pesticide runoff risk (Aguiar et al., 2015; Prosser et al., 2020). For all target nutrients, except nitrites, we observed lower concentrations in catchment 2 compared to catchment 1, although these differences were not statistically significant. Poland is the largest producer of apples in the EU, accounting for approximately one-third of the Union’s total apple production (Muder et al., 2022). Therefore, understanding the potential mitigation measures of pesticide pollution in these catchments is of critical importance.
  • Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.

Cultural

  • Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested riparian zone in catchment 2 to be a factor contributing to the lower pesticide concentrations. The protective function of the riparian buffer zones has been evidenced in the literature for mitigating the pesticide runoff risk (Aguiar et al., 2015; Prosser et al., 2020). For all target nutrients, except nitrites, we observed lower concentrations in catchment 2 compared to catchment 1, although these differences were not statistically significant. Poland is the largest producer of apples in the EU, accounting for approximately one-third of the Union’s total apple production (Muder et al., 2022). Therefore, understanding the potential mitigation measures of pesticide pollution in these catchments is of critical importance.
  • Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.

Major Issues

Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate

Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.

We considered the well-developed forested riparian zone

We considered the well-developed forested riparian zone in catchment 2 to be a factor contributing to the lower pesticide concentrations. The protective function of the riparian buffer zones has been evidenced in the literature for mitigating the pesticide runoff risk (Aguiar et al., 2015; Prosser et al., 2020). For all target nutrients, except nitrites, we observed lower concentrations in catchment 2 compared to catchment 1, although these differences were not statistically significant. Poland is the largest producer of apples in the EU, accounting for approximately one-third of the Union’s total apple production (Muder et al., 2022). Therefore, understanding the potential mitigation measures of pesticide pollution in these catchments is of critical importance.

Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate

Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.

We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in

We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.

We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in

We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.

We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in

We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.

EH Engineering Solutions

Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate

Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.

We considered the well-developed forested riparian zone

We considered the well-developed forested riparian zone in catchment 2 to be a factor contributing to the lower pesticide concentrations. The protective function of the riparian buffer zones has been evidenced in the literature for mitigating the pesticide runoff risk (Aguiar et al., 2015; Prosser et al., 2020). For all target nutrients, except nitrites, we observed lower concentrations in catchment 2 compared to catchment 1, although these differences were not statistically significant. Poland is the largest producer of apples in the EU, accounting for approximately one-third of the Union’s total apple production (Muder et al., 2022). Therefore, understanding the potential mitigation measures of pesticide pollution in these catchments is of critical importance.

Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate

Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.

We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in

We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.

We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in

We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.

We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in

We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.

Project Activities

  • Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested riparian zone in catchment 2 to be a factor contributing to the lower pesticide concentrations. The protective function of the riparian buffer zones has been evidenced in the literature for mitigating the pesticide runoff risk (Aguiar et al., 2015; Prosser et al., 2020). For all target nutrients, except nitrites, we observed lower concentrations in catchment 2 compared to catchment 1, although these differences were not statistically significant. Poland is the largest producer of apples in the EU, accounting for approximately one-third of the Union’s total apple production (Muder et al., 2022). Therefore, understanding the potential mitigation measures of pesticide pollution in these catchments is of critical importance.
  • Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.

Expected Outcomes

Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested riparian zone in catchment 2 to be a factor contributing to the lower pesticide concentrations. The protective function of the riparian buffer zones has been evidenced in the literature for mitigating the pesticide runoff risk (Aguiar et al., 2015; Prosser et al., 2020). For all target nutrients, except nitrites, we observed lower concentrations in catchment 2 compared to catchment 1, although these differences were not statistically significant. Poland is the largest producer of apples in the EU, accounting for approximately one-third of the Union’s total apple production (Muder et al., 2022). Therefore, understanding the potential mitigation measures of pesticide pollution in these catchments is of critical importance. Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested r

Latest Results

Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested riparian zone in catchment 2 to be a factor contributing to the lower pesticide concentrations. The protective function of the riparian buffer zones has been evidenced in the literature for mitigating the pesticide runoff risk (Aguiar et al., 2015; Prosser et al., 2020). For all target nutrients, except nitrites, we observed lower concentrations in catchment 2 compared to catchment 1, although these differences were not statistically significant. Poland is the largest producer of apples in the EU, accounting for approximately one-third of the Union’s total apple production (Muder et al., 2022). Therefore, understanding the potential mitigation measures of pesticide pollution in these catchments is of critical importance. Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested r

Social-Ecological System

Integrated view of principles, objectives, stakeholders and methodology.

Ecohydrology Principles and Solutions

Hydrological Quantification
  • Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested riparian zone in catchment 2 to be a factor contributing to the lower pesticide concentrations. The protective function of the riparian buffer zones has been evidenced in the literature for mitigating the pesticide runoff risk (Aguiar et al., 2015; Prosser et al., 2020). For all target nutrients, except nitrites, we observed lower concentrations in catchment 2 compared to catchment 1, although these differences were not statistically significant. Poland is the largest producer of apples in the EU, accounting for approximately one-third of the Union’s total apple production (Muder et al., 2022). Therefore, understanding the potential mitigation measures of pesticide pollution in these catchments is of critical importance. Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested r
Ecological Identification
  • Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested riparian zone in catchment 2 to be a factor contributing to the lower pesticide concentrations. The protective function of the riparian buffer zones has been evidenced in the literature for mitigating the pesticide runoff risk (Aguiar et al., 2015; Prosser et al., 2020). For all target nutrients, except nitrites, we observed lower concentrations in catchment 2 compared to catchment 1, although these differences were not statistically significant. Poland is the largest producer of apples in the EU, accounting for approximately one-third of the Union’s total apple production (Muder et al., 2022). Therefore, understanding the potential mitigation measures of pesticide pollution in these catchments is of critical importance. Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested r
Ecological Engineering & Nature-based Solutions
  • Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested riparian zone in catchment 2 to be a factor contributing to the lower pesticide concentrations. The protective function of the riparian buffer zones has been evidenced in the literature for mitigating the pesticide runoff risk (Aguiar et al., 2015; Prosser et al., 2020). For all target nutrients, except nitrites, we observed lower concentrations in catchment 2 compared to catchment 1, although these differences were not statistically significant. Poland is the largest producer of apples in the EU, accounting for approximately one-third of the Union’s total apple production (Muder et al., 2022). Therefore, understanding the potential mitigation measures of pesticide pollution in these catchments is of critical importance. Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested r

Objectives

EH Objectives
Water 4/5
Biodiversity 5/5
Ecosystem Services 5/5
Culture 1/5
Education 5/5
Project Objectives
  • Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested riparian zone in catchment 2 to be a factor contributing to the lower pesticide concentrations. The protective function of the riparian buffer zones has been evidenced in the literature for mitigating the pesticide runoff risk (Aguiar et al., 2015; Prosser et al., 2020). For all target nutrients, except nitrites, we observed lower concentrations in catchment 2 compared to catchment 1, although these differences were not statistically significant. Poland is the largest producer of apples in the EU, accounting for approximately one-third of the Union’s total apple production (Muder et al., 2022). Therefore, understanding the potential mitigation measures of pesticide pollution in these catchments is of critical importance.
  • Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested r

Key Stakeholders

Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested riparian zone in catchment 2 to be a factor contributing to the lower pesticide concentrations. The protective function of the riparian buffer zones has been evidenced in the literature for mitigating the pesticide runoff risk (Aguiar et al., 2015; Prosser et al., 2020). For all target nutrients, except nitrites, we observed lower concentrations in catchment 2 compared to catchment 1, although these differences were not statistically significant. Poland is the largest producer of apples in the EU, accounting for approximately one-third of the Union’s total apple production (Muder et al., 2022). Therefore, understanding the potential mitigation measures of pesticide pollution in these catchments is of critical importance. Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land. We considered the well-developed forested r

Methodology

  • Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested riparian zone in catchment 2 to be a factor contributing to the lower pesticide concentrations. The protective function of the riparian buffer zones has been evidenced in the literature for mitigating the pesticide runoff risk (Aguiar et al., 2015; Prosser et al., 2020). For all target nutrients, except nitrites, we observed lower concentrations in catchment 2 compared to catchment 1, although these differences were not statistically significant. Poland is the largest producer of apples in the EU, accounting for approximately one-third of the Union’s total apple production (Muder et al., 2022). Therefore, understanding the potential mitigation measures of pesticide pollution in these catchments is of critical importance.
  • Differences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested rDifferences in total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate concentrations (Fig. 3) may be attributed to the presence of buffer zones in Catchment 2, which facilitate the transformation of dissolved phosphorus into more stable organic forms (Stutter et al., 2021). In the case of nitrates, higher concentrations were recorded in Catchment 1, which is dominated by orchards and has the lowest buffering capacity due to the limited presence of forest and pasture land.
  • We considered the well-developed forested r

Publications