UNDERSTANDING ECOHYDROLOGICAL CONNECTIVITY IN MULTIPLE CATCHMENTS TO CONSERVE GROUNDWATER, PROTECT SURFACE WATER AND CONTAIN RISKS IN A GLOBALIZING CITY, DAVAO CITY (PHILIPPINES)

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Updated: 15/12/2025
UNDERSTANDING ECOHYDROLOGICAL CONNECTIVITY IN MULTIPLE CATCHMENTS TO CONSERVE GROUNDWATER, PROTECT SURFACE WATER AND CONTAIN RISKS IN A GLOBALIZING CITY, DAVAO CITY (PHILIPPINES)

Project Overview

Davao City is one of the Philippines' most progressive cities which contains 8 watersheds. Davao, Talomo and Lipadas rivers are critical areas. | The coastal aquifers of Talomo and Lipadas watersheds provide 99% of the supply volume of the city’s water district which in turn serves 57% of the water consumption of the whole city. All the eight river systems are for domestic, agricultural (15,000 hectares of banana and pineapple plantations and fruit farms), and industrial uses. | The Davao City side of Mt. Apo Natural Park is about 11,131 ha and shared by the Lipadas, Talomo and Sibulan watersheds.

Conserve Process YES
Enhance Process YES
Apply Complementary YES

Ecosystem Services

Provisioning

  • Provisioning Services are ecosystem services that describe the material or energy outputs from ecosystems. They include food, water and other resources.
  • Fresh water: Ecosystems play a vital role in the global hydrological cycle, as they regulate the flow and purification of water. Vegetation and forests influence the quantity of water available locally.

Regulating

  • Regulating Services are the services that ecosystems provide by acting as regulators eg. regulating the quality of air and soil or by providing flood and disease control.

Habitat / Supporting

  • Ecosystem services "that are necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services". These include services such as nutrient recycling, primary production and soil formation.
  • Habitats for species: Habitats provide everything that an individual plant or animal needs to survive: food; water; and shelter. Each ecosystem provides different habitats that can be essential for a species’ lifecycle. Migratory species including birds, fish, mammals and insects all depend upon different ecosystems during their movements.

Cultural

  • Cultural Services corresponds nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experiences.
  • Tourism: Ecosystems and biodiversity play an important role for many kinds of tourism which in turn provides considerable economic benefits and is a vital source of income for many countries. In 2008 global earnings from tourism summed up to US$ 944 billion. Cultural and eco-tourism can also educate people about the importance of biological diversity.

Major Issues

Soil erosion

Soil erosion

Heavy siltation in rivers and Davao Gulf

Heavy siltation in rivers and Davao Gulf

Massive expansion of banana plantations

Massive expansion of banana plantations

Talomo and Lipadas basins have poor health

Talomo and Lipadas basins have poor health ratings with non-point sources of pollution

Unregulated groundwater use

Unregulated groundwater use

EH Engineering Solutions

To tap the Tamugan-Panigan River for drinking

To tap the Tamugan-Panigan River for drinking water, a private company was given permit by the city to construct a water treatment plant which will also be powered by its own run-of-river hydroelectric power plant

Project Activities

  • A GIS-based profile of each of the eight river basins
  • Physical demarcation of critical areas and establishment of key monitoring sites
  • Rehabilitation of critical areas
  • Revising the Land Use Plan and the Zoning Ordinance

Expected Outcomes

Groundwater and surface water are soundly-managed keeping Davao city liveable and globally competitive

Latest Results

“Management Framework for Davao River” is set for public approval | Partial demarcation of critical areas | Functioning of Watershed Management Council | Update of “Comprehensive Land Use Plan” and revision of “Zoning Ordinance” (2013) | Initiation of imposing environmental tax since 2014

Social-Ecological System

Integrated view of principles, objectives, stakeholders and methodology.

Ecohydrology Principles and Solutions

Hydrological Quantification
  • Quantification of the hydrological processes at catchment scale and mapping the impacts
Ecological Identification
Ecological Engineering & Nature-based Solutions
  • To tap the Tamugan-Panigan River for drinking water, a private company was given permit by the city to construct a water treatment plant which will also be powered by its own run-of-river hydroelectric power plant

Objectives

EH Objectives
Water 5/5
Biodiversity 2/5
Services 4/5
Resilience 2/5
Cultural Heritage 0/5
Project Objectives
  • To transform the current high-level of awareness into cohesive and high impact policies and programs (both in the government and civil society).

Key Stakeholders

Researchers (University of the Philippines Mindanao) Davao City Water District Watershed Management Council (Watershed Code) HELP-Davao program Davao River Initiative (NGOs) Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Methodology

  • Water quality monitoring of Tamugan-Panigan River
  • Centrally-automated rainwater gauges in strategic locations
  • Capacity-building for disaster resilience